Significance and Use
5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to assess effects of a short-term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur and typically evaluates effects on survival. A chronic test is typically longer in duration and includes a sublethal endpoint to assess effects on a population that might occur beyond the exposure period. Because the echinoderm embryo development test includes a sublethal endpoint, but is also short in duration, these tests are considered to be short-term chronic tests, consistent with EPA guidance.
5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these echinoid species, and because some of these species are commercially and recreationally important, the results of these tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater species in general. The results of these toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guides E724 and E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (7).
5.3 The results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.
5.4 The results of short-term chronic tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species and the acute toxicities of different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.
5.5 The results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials.
5.6 The results of any toxicity tests will depend on temperature, composition of the dilution water, condition of the test organisms, and other factors.
5.7 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to suspended particulates of dredged sediments disposed through the water column.
5.8 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms exposed to bedded whole sediments.
Scope
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the short-term chronic effects of a test material on echinoderm embryos and the resulting larvae (sea urchins and sand dollars) during static 48- to 96-h exposures. These procedures have generally been used with U.S. East Coast (Arbacia punctulata and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ) (1)3 and West Coast species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, and Dendraster excentricus) (2). The basic procedures described in this guide first originated in Japan and Scandanavia (3), and parallel procedures have been used with foreign species, especially in Japan and the Mediterranean (4). These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static toxicity tests with embryos of other echinoid species, although modifications might be necessary.
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, the results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable with those of many other tests. The comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting tests starting with embryos of echinoids.
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, surface waters, effluents, and sediments (Annex A1). Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly transformed biologically or chemically in aqueous solution, or are removed from test solutions in substantial quantities by the test chambers or organisms during the test.
1.4 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests with echinoid embryos should usually be reported as the 50 % effect concentration (EC50) based on the total abnormally developed embryos and larvae. In some situations, it might only be necessary to determine whether a specific concentration is toxic to embryos or whether the EC50 is above or below a specific concentration.
1.5 This guide is arranged as follows:
Section
Scope
1
Referenced Documents
2
Terminology
3
Summary of Guide
4
Significance and Use
5
Apparatus
6
Facilities
6.1
Construction Materials
6.2
Test Chambers
6.3
Cleaning
6.4
Acceptability
6.5
Safety Precautions
7
Dilution Water
8
Requirements
8.1
Source
8.2
Treatment
8.3
Characterization
8.4
Test Material
9
General
9.1
Stock Solution
9.2
Test Concentration(s)
9.3
Test Organisms
10
Species
10.1
Age
10.2
Source of Embryos
10.3
Handling
10.4
Test Animal Source and Condition
10.5
Spawning and Fertilization
10.6
Quality
10.7
Procedure
11
Experimental Design
11.1
Dissolved Oxygen
11.2
Temperature
11.3
Beginning the Test
11.4
Feeding
11.5
Duration of Test
11.6
Biological Data
11.7
Control Performance
11.8
Other Measurements
11.9
Analytical Methods
12
Acceptability of Test
13
Calculation of Results
14
Report
15
Keywords
16
Annex
Sediment Tests
Annex A1
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
