Significance and Use
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353
Test Method C217
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specific determinations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.
4.4 Petrographic examinations provide identification of type and varieties of minerals and structures present in the specimen. However, as noted above, identification of all minerals and structures present in the specimen is not necessarily required.
4.5 The petrographic examination should establish whether the specimen contains chemically unstable minerals or volumetrically unstable materials.
4.6 Petrographic examination should identify weathered or otherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe the extent of that weathering or alteration. Where possible, describe potential aesthetic changes that may occur as a result of weathering.
NOTE 1: If the dimension stone will be exposed to freezing and thawing and may become wet or saturated in use, finely porous and highly weathered or otherwise altered minerals should be identified because these materials will be especially susceptible to damage by freezing and thawing.
4.7 Petrographic examination should identify constituents or minerals and the extent to which they may lead to staining and color change of the surface of the stone when the stone is exposed to the weather for exterior use.
4.8 Petrographic examination should identify and estimate proportions of constituents that may be susceptible to deterioration from attack by deicing agents where proposed for use at grade level in freezing environments where deicing salts are anticipated to be used.
4.9 Criteria are available for identifying minerals by their optical properties or by XRD. Criteria are available for identifying rocks by their mineral composition and texture. Examination in both reflected and transmitted light may be necessary to provide data for these identifications. X-ray microanalysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers with scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) or wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometers in electron microprobes (EMPA/WDX) may provide useful information on the chemical composition of minerals and rocks.
4.10 The objectives for which this guide was prepared, will have been attained if those involved with the evaluation of the specimen have reasonable assurance that the petrographic examination results, wherever and whenever obtained, may confidently be compared.
Scope
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
